鸡腿蘑胞外多糖的形貌结构及分子量动态变化与抗氧化的相关性研究

对鸡腿蘑多糖的结构进行检测,并在此基础上探讨结构与活性的关系,对深度发掘鸡腿蘑多糖的功效具有重要意义。制备发酵时间为72 h、96 h和120 h的鸡腿蘑胞外粗多糖,采用PMP柱前衍生化-HPLC法分析其单糖组成,结果表明发酵72 h、96 h和120 h胞外多糖均由D-甘露糖、L-鼠李糖、D-葡萄糖、D-半乳糖、D-阿拉伯糖组成,但各单糖的相对摩尔比不同。采用扫描电子显微镜和原子力显微镜对不同发酵时间的多糖形貌结构进行分析,结果显示发酵120 h多糖的板状结构更加规则,多糖分子的聚集作用更强。采用高效凝胶过滤色谱法对不同发酵时间的鸡腿蘑胞外多糖的分子量分布情况进行分析,结果显示发酵120 h的多糖分子量更大,分布范围更广。体外抗氧化试验结果显示,在相同浓度下,发酵120 h多糖的抗氧化活性较发酵72 h和96 h的多糖强。研究结果表明鸡腿蘑胞外多糖的抗氧化活性可能与其形貌结构和分子量分布有关。     

Structure and Function of N-Terminal Zinc Finger Domain of SARS-CoV-2 NSP2

Virologica Sinica - SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic threatening human health and safety. It is urgent to find effective therapeutic agents and targets with the continuous emergence of novel...     

浙江省甘薯种质资源的品质鉴定与聚类分析

开展甘薯种质资源的品质鉴定评价,可以系统地了解种质的营养价值、食用品质和加工性能,为甘薯生产的品种选择和种质资源的育种利用提供依据。对2017-2019年浙江省第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动中征集的62份甘薯种质进行了干物率、胡萝卜素含量、生薯和熟薯可溶性糖含量以及食味的测定,并进行了品质性状的主成分和系统聚类分析。结果表明,在参试种质中,有高干物率品种24份,胡萝卜素含量≥5 mg/100 g·FW的品种5份,生薯可溶性糖含量超过水果甘薯六十日的品种7份,熟薯麦芽糖含量超过迷你甘薯心香的品种6份。生薯和熟薯均含有果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和麦芽糖。在生薯中蔗糖含量最高,平均含量为27.00 mg/g·FW,占可溶性糖的47.49%。在熟薯中麦芽糖含量最高,麦芽糖与可溶性糖含量高度相关(r=0.925)。食味与熟薯可溶性糖和还原糖含量、胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关,与生薯可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关。主成分F1、F2、F3、F4分别与食用品质、淀粉和油炸薯片加工性能、蔗糖含量有关,可以代表94.15%的甘薯品质变量信息。系统聚类分析表明,参试种质的品质类型可以分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个类群和Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2、Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2、Ⅲ-1、Ⅲ-2 6个亚群,依用途可以简要归类为:淀粉型23份,粮饲兼用型19份,优质食用型16份,油炸薯片型4份。总之,浙江省甘薯种质资源以淀粉型和粮饲兼用型为主,品质类型丰富,在鲜食及淀粉、全粉、薯脯、油炸薯片加工等用途上有较好的利用价值。     

Specificity of mRNA Folding and Its Association with Evolutionarily Adaptive mRNA Secondary Structures

The secondary structure is a fundamental feature of both non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs). However, our understanding of the secondary structures of mRNAs, especially those of the coding regions, remains elusive, likely due to translation and the lack of RNA-binding proteins that sustain the consensus structure like those binding to ncRNAs. Indeed, mRNAs have recently been found to adopt diverse alternative structures, but the overall functional significance remains untested. We hereby approach this problem by estimating the folding specificity, i.e., the probability that a fragment of an mRNA folds back to the same partner once refolded. We show that the folding specificity of mRNAs is lower than that of ncRNAs and exhibits moderate evolutionary conservation. Notably, we find that specific rather than alternative folding is likely evolutionarily adaptive since specific folding is frequently associated with functionally important genes or sites within a gene. Additional analysis in combination with ribosome density suggests the ability to modulate ribosome movement as one potential functional advantage provided by specific folding. Our findings reveal a novel facet of the RNA structurome with important functional and evolutionary implications and indicate a potential method for distinguishing the mRNA secondary structures maintained by natural selection from molecular noise.     

一种六妹羊肚菌的新型柄腐病害

近年来,四川等地种植的六妹羊肚菌先后爆发柄腐病害,造成严重经济损失。本研究对该病害发生情况进行了调查,从四川、河南、甘肃、贵州4个省收集的12份六妹羊肚菌柄腐病子实体,分离纯化得到37株真菌和3株细菌。根据柯赫氏法则,对所有分离纯化得到的疑似病原菌进行了回接试验,最终确定GJB-3菌株为柄腐病的病原菌。经ITS、RPB2和EF1α序列分析,结合菌落形态和显微特征鉴定柄腐病的病原菌为Fusarium nematophilum。本研究为后期羊肚菌生产病害防控提供了有效的基础数据。     

土地类芽胞杆菌(Paenibacillus terrae)NK3-4 EsxA结构与系统发育分析

前期研究在植物根际促生菌土地类芽胞杆菌(Paenibacillus terrae )NK3-4中发现一个EsxA编码基因,为明确该基因编码的蛋白的性质、结构及系统发生关系,对该基因进行了生物信息学分析。分析表明,该EsxA含有91个氨基酸,分子质量10 276.53 Da,理论pI 5.29,分子式为C₄₄₅H₇₁₁N₁₂₅O₁₄₆S₄,弱酸性,亲水,具有WEG保守基序,属于WXG超级家族成员;建模预测表明,自然状态下EsxA 形成不对称的同源二聚体,其中每个亚基都由一个β折叠连接两个α螺旋组成,两个α螺旋反向平行排列;二聚体中两个亚基的肽链呈反向排列,所有N末端和C末端均暴露在外,形成棒状表面形态,其中一个亚基的N端的不规则卷曲形成与棒状二聚体垂直的短柱形凸起;系统发育分析显示,EsxA在种内及种间进化关系虽是不保守的,但类芽胞杆菌源的EsxA与病原细菌的EsxA同源性较低,暗示类芽胞杆菌源EsxA可能与病原微生物的EsxA具有截然不同的功能。结果为包括NK3-4菌株在内的类芽胞杆菌属EsxA外源分泌表达条件,活性保持及功能的深入研究提供了理论依据。     

黄山典型植被类型土壤真菌群落特征及其影响因素

黄山地势高差明显,植被类型多样,生态系统保存完整,是研究森林生态系统土壤真菌群落的天然实验室。本研究采集黄山典型植被下土壤样本,利用Illumina NovaSeq高通量测序技术分析土壤真菌群落结构,结合土壤理化性质探讨不同植被类型影响真菌群落组成的潜在因素。结果共检测到13个真菌门,优势真菌门依次为：担子菌门Basidiomycota,获得38目,202属,相对丰度介于7.30%-90.71%,在常绿落叶阔叶混交林、山地矮林及落叶阔叶林中出现高值,局部呈现先增后减的单峰变化格局;子囊菌门Ascomycota有56目,393属,相对丰度介于4.69%-53.07%,随着典型植被类型变化无明显变化规律;被孢霉门Mortierellomycota获得1目和2属,相对丰度介于2.88%-29.92%,随着典型植被类型变化呈现U型变化模式;5种植被类型土壤中共检测到34个不同分类单元的真菌指示类群,落叶阔叶林土壤真菌指示类群最为丰富,占67%;pH显著影响土壤真菌α多样性（Pearson,P<0.001）,是黄山土壤真菌群落变异的主控因子（Monte Corlo 检验,P<0.01）。     

Maternal genetic history of southern East Asians over the past 12,000 years

Southern East Asia, including Guangxi and Fujian provinces in China, is home to diverse ethnic groups, languages, and cultures. Previous studies suggest a high complexity regarding population dynamics and the history of southern East Asians. However, large-scale genetic studies on ancient populations in this region are hindered by limited sample preservation. Here, using highly efficient DNA capture techniques, we obtain 48 complete mitochondrial genomes of individuals from Guangxi and Fujian in China and reconstruct their maternal genetic history over the past 12,000 years. We find a strong connection between southern East Asians dating to ~12,000–6000 years ago and present-day Southeast Asians. In addition, stronger genetic affinities to northern East Asians are observed in historical southern East Asians than Neolithic southern East Asians, suggesting increased interactions between northern and southern East Asians over time. Overall, we reveal dynamic connections between ancient southern East Asians and populations located in surrounding regions, as well as a shift in maternal genetic structure within the populations over time.     

春尺蠖蛹雌雄外部形态特征快速鉴别分析

为依据春尺蠖Apocheima cinerarius Erschoff蛹的形态特征快速、无损、准确鉴别雌雄个体,对其头部、胸部、腹部和体色外部鉴别特征进行了分析,并通过解剖生殖系统验证准确性.结果表明:以春尺蠖蛹的胸部和腹部特征识别雌雄准确率明显高于头部和体色特征,识别率可达100％.首先,雌蛹第8腹节腹板前缘中部具有"Y"型沟,与第7腹节腹板后缘形成倒三角状,而雄蛹无此特征.其次,雌蛹生殖孔与产卵孔连接形成裂缝,两侧平坦无突起,而雄蛹第9腹节腹板中央有一纵裂缝的生殖孔,两侧各有半圆状瘤状突起.最后,雌蛹的胸部背板各节间相对长度均小于雄蛹,而雄蛹中胸背板最宽,其后缘明显向外凸起.因此,春尺蠖蛹胸部或腹部特征可用于快速、准确地鉴别雌雄性别.     

Bone phenotype of P2X4 receptor knockout mice: implication of a P2X7 receptor mutation?

Transgenic and knockout animal models are widely used to investigate the role of receptors, signaling pathways, and other peptides and proteins. Varying results are often published on the same model from different groups, and much effort has been put into understanding the underlying causes of these sometimes conflicting results. Recently, it has been shown that a P2X4R knockout model carries a so-called passenger mutation in the P2X7R gene, potentially affecting the interpretation of results from studies using this animal model. We therefore report this case to raise awareness about the potential pitfalls using genetically modified animal models, especially within P2 receptor research. Although purinergic signaling has been recognized as an important contributor to the regulation of bone remodeling, the process that maintains the bone quality during life, little is known about the role of the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) in regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. To address this, we analyzed the bone phenotype of P2rx4tm1Rass (C57BL/6J) knockout mice and corresponding wildtype using microCT and biomechanical testing. Overall, we found that the P2X4R knockout mice displayed improved bone microstructure and stronger bones in an age- and gender-dependent manner. While cortical BMD, trabecular BMD, and bone volume were higher in the 6-month-old females and 3-month-old males, this was not the case for the 3-month-old females and the 6-month-old males. Bone strength was only affected in the females. Moreover, we found that P2X4R KO mice carried the P2X7 receptor 451P wildtype allele, whereas the wildtype mice carried the 451L mutant allele. In conclusion, this study suggests that P2X4R could play a role in bone remodeling, but more importantly, it underlines the potential pitfalls when using knockout models and highlights the importance of interpreting results with great caution. Further studies are needed to verify any specific effects of P2X4R on bone metabolism.